Network VPN and Web Security Cryptography Essay

Securing Internet commercial transactions and sensitive banking data is increasingly becoming critical as threats to computer networks continue to cause significant financial losses resulting from data damage, loss or corruption by spy ware, viruses and other data corrupting hostile codes (Mogollon, 2007). The consequences of having weak security system administration become enormous and companies should step up their security measures to protect sensitive data by cryptographic methods. In online transactions, the secure Web server communicates with the client’s computer by authenticating each other. They do this by enciphering the data which is transmitted by means specific protocols such as transport layer security (TLS), Internet protocol security (IPsec) and secure socket layer (SSL). All Web browsers such as Internet Explorer and Netscape have in-built TLS and SSL protocols. To make internet transactions safe, the problems associated with end-user certificate distribution have to be solved and this was the challenge that led to the fall of secure electronic transaction (SET) technology after its introduction in 1990s (Mogollon, 2007). This paper will discuss important technologies behind VPN SSL and website encryption paying critical attention to algorithms which make encryption in financial systems such as the Internet commercial transactions possible and secure. In particular, the paper addresses advanced and critical issues in online transactions as one of the areas applying cryptography and network security. The Need for Network Security in Financial Systems The modern online commerce and financial systems are rapidly growing partly because several protocols for Web encryption are often implemented hence ensuring secure transactions. In a practical scenario, online clients buying commodities enter the credit card number online and then hit the â€Å"Submit† button. While this information is provided online and can be deciphered by hackers, the Web browser commits to secure this online transaction by enciphering the transmitted data (Mogollon, 2007). Secure communication between the client and the server requires client-server authentication which is a cryptographic key exchange involving an agreement of both parties. The client and the server will agree on a common pre-master secret code or key. Data is then enciphered using the keys which are generated from the agreed pre-master key. This communication agreement between the client and server also involves the decisions on which versions and protocols to use such as SSL2, SSL3, TLS1. 0, and TLS 1. 1 (Mogollon, 2007). They will also agree on which cryptographic algorithm to use and whether to authenticate to each other or not. The use of certain techniques of public-key encryption which generate the pre-master secret key will also be agreed on. Both have to make an agreement that session keys are to be created to help in the enciphering of the messages. Virtual Private Network (VPN) A virtual private network (VPN) serves as an extension of a private network which encompasses links across public or shared networks such as the Internet (Mogollon, 2007). VPN enables users to send data between two interconnected computers across a public or shared network in a way that it emulates point-to-point private link properties. Virtual private networking is the technique of creating and configuring VPN and it emulates point-to-point links (Mogollon, 2007). There should be data encapsulation or wrapping with headers to provide routing information thus allowing it to traverse the public or shared transit internetwork and attain its endpoint. At the same time, to emulate private links, the sent data must be encrypted for security and confidentiality (Microsoft Corporation, 2003). The packets intercepted on public or shared networks cannot be deciphered without the use of encryption keys. Private data is encapsulated in a connection portion known as the tunnel and it is encrypted in a connection portion known as the VPN connection (Microsoft Corporation, 2003). Fig 1. 1 Figure 1. 1: Virtual private network connection (Microsoft Corporation, 2003) The VPN connection provide the capabilities for remote users while at homes, branch offices or even while traveling to securely connect to remote organizations’ servers by the use of routing infrastructure which is provided by a shares or public network like the Internet(Microsoft Corporation, 2003). Since the creation of VPN connection is facilitated by the Internet from anywhere, these networks require strong security mechanisms to avoid any unwelcome private network access and to protect private data while traversing the public network (Microsoft Corporation, 2003). These security mechanisms include data encryption and authentication as well as other advanced VPN security measures such as certificate-based authentication. Virtual private network security (VPNs) is provided by the Internet Protocol security (IPsec), TLS and SSL (Mogollon, 2007). IPsecVPN are commonly used in several enterprises but they are not as easy to use as SSLVPN. Another difference between IPsec VPN and SSL VPN is that IPsec VPN works at Layer 3 and creates a tunnel into networks. This way, IPsec allows for devices to log on as if they have physical connections to the local area network (LAN) (Mogollon, 2007). On the other hand, the SSL VPN work at the application Layer 4 and users can have access to individual applications through the Web browser. In SSLVPN, the administrators can dictate the access by applications instead of providing entire network access. VPN emulates the facility of private wide area network (WAN) by the use of private Internet Protocol (IP) and public internet backbones (Mogollon, 2007). Secure Socket Layer Virtual Private Network (SSLVPN) Security networks particularly those used in online transactions demand increasingly complex cryptographic systems and algorithms (Lian, 2009). Therefore, there is need for individuals concerned with the implementation of security policies in companies to use technical knowledge and skill in information technology in order to implement critical security mechanisms. Unlike the traditional IPsec VPN which requires the use of special client software on computers of end users, the SSL VPN such as Web SSL VPN requires no installation of such software (Lian, 2009). SSLVPN is mainly designed to provide remote users access to various client-server applications, Web application as well as internal network connections. SSL VPN authenticates and encrypts client-server communication (Lian, 2009). Two types of SSL VPNs are recognized: the SSL Portal VPN and SSL Tunnel VPN (Lian, 2009). The SSL Portal VPN usually allows a single SSL to connect to the website while allowing secure access to a number of network services by end users. This common website is known as the portal because it serves as a single door leading to a number of resources. The site is usually a single page having links to other pages. The second example of SSLVPN is the SSL Tunnel VPN which allows Web browsers, and thus users to safely access a number of multiple network services as well as protocols and applications which are not Web-based (Lian, 2009). Access is mainly provided via a tunnel which runs under SSL. The SSL Tunnel VPN requires all browsers to have the capacity to support active content that makes them to have more functionality not possible with SSL Portal VPN. The active content supported by SSL Tunnel VPN includes Active X, Java, JavaScript and plug-ins or Flash applications (Lian, 2009). Secure Socket Layer (SSL) provides a standardized communication encryption deployed for the purpose of protecting a number of protocols (Lian, 2009). For instance, most online transacting sites such as PayPal, AlertPay and MoneyBookers have their Universal Resource Locator (URL) address beginning with â€Å"https://† instead of â€Å"http://. † This means that the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (Http) is wrapped inside the SSL (Lian, 2009). Cryptography and Encryption Cryptography is concerned with the development of algorithms where data is written secretly thus the names, crypto-meaning secret and –graphy, meaning writing (Li, n. d). Cryptography basically provides a number of ways to confirm data security during VPN communication. These various means or algorithms include hash, cipher, digital signature, authentication and key generation (Lian, 2009). Cryptography endeavors to conceal the actual context of data from everyone except the recipient and the sender hence maintaining secrecy or privacy. Cryptography also verifies or authenticates the correctness or validity of data to recipients in virtual private network. As a result of this, cryptography has been the basis of a number of technological solutions to problems such as communication and network security in share networks such as that in VPN. In general, cryptography can be defined as the technique exploiting the methods and principles of converting intelligible data into unintelligible one and then changing it back to the original form (Li, n. d). SSL VPN encryption involves the adoption of traditions and novel algorithms of encryption in the protection of sensitive data such as the one exchanged during online transactions. The original data is transformed into secure data with specific algorithm of encryption by the use of the encryption key. At the same time, the encrypted data can be decrypted back into its original state with the help of algorithms of decryption. Sometimes, attacks to data are common in networked systems where hackers break into systems to obtain the original data which has not been encrypted. The present research focuses on the efficient algorithms of encryption and decryption which are secure against these attacks (Lian, 2009). Typical VPN Encryption Algorithms VPN encryption utilizes a number of encryption algorithms to secure flowing traffic across a shared or public network (Malik, 2003). The encryption of VPN connections is done so as to allow VPN and Web traffic to traverse share or public network like the Internet. Example of encrypted VPN is the SSL VPN and IPsec which uses encryption algorithms to safely allow traffic across shared or public network such as the Internet (Malik, 2003). Apart from classifying VPN in terms of encryption, classification of VPN can also be based on the model of OSI layer which they are constructed in. this is an important classification as the encrypted VPN only allows specific amount of traffic which gets encrypted and the degree of transparency to VPN clients (Malik, 2003). Classification of VPN based on the OSI model layers recognizes three types of VPNs: data link layer, network layer and application layer VPNs (Malik, 2003). Algorithms used for encryption can be classified into partial encryption, direct encryption and compression-combined encryption (Lian, 2009). According to the number of keys used, algorithms can also be classified into asymmetrical and symmetrical algorithms. In general, different encryption algorithms encrypt data volumes hence acquiring different efficiency and security. It therefore remains a decision of system security administrators to select which algorithm to use which will provide the best VPN security (Microsoft Corporation, 2005). There is no single encryption algorithm which is efficient to address all situations (Microsoft Corporation, 2005). However, there are basic factors to consider when selecting the type of algorithm to use in VPN security. Strong encryption algorithms always consume more resources in computer systems compared to weaker encryption algorithms. Long encryption keys are considered to offer stronger securities than the shorter keys. Therefore, Chief Security Officer (CSOs) should decide on longer keys to enhance system securities (Microsoft Corporation, 2005). Asymmetric algorithms are also considered stronger than the symmetric ones since they use different keys (Microsoft Corporation, 2005). However, asymmetric algorithms of encryption are slower compared to symmetric ones. Experts also prefer block ciphers as they use loner keys hence offer stronger security compared to stream ciphers. Passwords that are long and complex seem to offer better security than shorter and simpler passwords which can be broken easily by hackers. It should be factor to consider the amount of data which is being encrypted. If large amounts of data are to be encrypted, then symmetric keys are to be used to encrypt the data and asymmetric keys should be used to encrypt the symmetric keys. It is also critical to compress data before encrypting because it is not easy to compress data once it has been encrypted (Microsoft Corporation, 2005). Direct encryption involves the encryption of data content with either traditional or novel cipher directly. Partial encryption involves the encryption of only significant portions of data and other parts are left unencrypted (Microsoft Corporation, 2003). Compression-combined encryption involves the combinations of encryption operation with compression operation which are simultaneously implemented. Comparably, direct encryption offers the highest data security as it encrypts largest volumes of data. However, this method has the lowest efficiency as it takes much time encrypting all data volumes. The reduction of data volumes in partial and compression-combined encryptions result to lower security but with highest efficiency (Lian, 2009). There are specific examples of ciphering algorithms used by most online companies to protect sensitive and private data such as business data, personal messages or passwords for online banking. The commonly used ciphering algorithms include the DES/3 DES, RC4, SEAL and Blowfish (MyCrypto. net, n. d). Data encryption in VPN client-server communications is critical for data confidentiality. This is because data is passed between VPN clients and VPN servers over a public or shared network which often poses risks of illegal data interception by the hackers. However, VPN servers can be configured to force communication encryption. The encryption will force VPN clients connecting to VPN servers to encrypt their data or else be denied connections. Microsoft Windows Server 2003 employs two different types of encryptions: the Internet Protocol security (IPSec) encryption that uses the Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) and Microsoft Point-to-Point Encryption (MPPE) which used Point –to –Point Tunneling Protocol (Microsoft Corporation, 2005). In telephone communication or dial-up clients, data encryption is not necessary between the clients and their Internet Service Providers (ISP) since the encryption is always carried out with VPN client-VPN server connections. This implies that mobile users using dial-up connections to dial local ISPs need not to encrypt anything since once the Internet connection has been established, the users can create VPN connection with corporate VPN servers. In case VPN connections are encrypted, there is no need for encryption between users and ISPs in dial-up connections (Microsoft Corporation, 2005). VPN encryption generally allows for the attainment of the highest possible security standards made possible by key generation in a certified centre using the RSA, 1024 bit (MyCrypto. net, n. d). Smart card technology especially the TCOS-2. 0 Net Key SmartCard OS (operating system) grant a safe mode for key storage which complies with the evaluation criteria of information security systems (Li, n. d). Different types of encryption algorithms employ proprietary specific methods to generate the secret keys and thus the encryption algorithms become useful in different types of applications (MyCrypto. net, n. d). The length of keys generated by these algorithms determines the strength of encryption. The most common algorithms, DES/3DES, BLOWFISH, IDEA, SEAL, RC4 and RSA have different qualities and capabilities which network security administrators may choose to use in providing VPN security (MyCrypto. net, n. d). The RSA algorithm, developed in 1979 was named after its developers Ron Rivest, Shamir and Adleman hence the name RSA (Riikonen, 2002). RSA supports digital signatures and encryption and it is therefore the most widely used type of public key algorithm. RSA takes advantage of the problem of integer factorization to enhance security and it utilizes both private and public keys. It is one of the algorithms which is easy to understand and it has been patent-free since the year 2000 (Riikonen, 2002). RSA is commonly used for securing IP data, transport (SSL/TSL) data, emails, terminal connections and conferencing services. Its security entirely depends on the randomness of the numbers generated by the Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG). Data Encryption Standard/ Triple Data Encryption Standard (DES/3DES) has widely been used as a standard in banking institutions in Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs) as well as in UNIX OS password encryption (MyCrypto. net, n. d). DES/3DES allows the authentication of Personal Identification Number (PIN) to be made possible. While DES is basically a 64-bit block cipher, it uses 56-bit keys in encryption and most users don’t regard it as advances in computer technology continue to transform the banking and online industry (MyCrypto. net, n. d). DES has been found to be vulnerable to some cyberattacks and experts have now recommended 3DES as the stronger option. 3DES has the ability to encrypt data 3 times hence the name 3DES. It uses different keys for all the three passes and this gives it a total cumulative of 112-168 bit key size (MyCrypto. net, n. d). IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm) is another type of algorithm first developed by Prof. Massey and Dr. Lai in the wake of 1990s in Switzerland (MyCrypto. net, n. d) . It was meant to replace DES algorithm but one of the weaknesses of DES is that it uses a common key for both encryption and decryption and it only operates on 8 bytes at every incident. The success of IDEA in enhancing security lies on the length of its 128-bit key which makes hackers difficult to break especially those who try out every key. To present, there are no known means of breaking the IDEA 128-bit key other than trying each key at a time which is also difficult (MyCrypto. net, n. d). This then makes the algorithm better for security. Since it is a fast algorithm, IDEA has been implemented in most hardware chipsets to male them run faster (MyCrypto. net, n. d). Just like IDEA and DES, Blowfish represent another type of a symmetric block cipher which tales a varying key length ranging from 32 to 448 bits (MyCrypto. net, n. d). This makes it ideal for both exportable and domestic use. Developed in 1993 by Bruce Schneier, Blowfish became not only a fast alternative but also a free option to the other existing algorithms of encryption. Blowfish is now becoming more accepted by many experts because of its strong encryption properties (MyCrypto. net, n. d). Software-optimized Encryption Algorithm (SEAL), developed by Coppersmith and Rogaway is an example of a stream cipher where data is encrypted continuously (MyCrypto. net, n. d). Stream ciphers represent a group of algorithms which are faster compared to block ciphers such as IDEA, Blowfish and DES. However, stream ciphers have an extended initialization phase whereby a secure harsh algorithm is used to complete the set of tables (MyCrypto. net, n. d). It is considered a very fast algorithm as it uses 160 bit key for the purpose of encryption. In addition, SEAL is considered one of the safest algorithms used to protect data from hackers and thus, it can be used in managing passwords in financial systems (MyCrypto. net, n. d). Ciphers and Encryption Ciphers transform plaintext into secured ciphertext and then recover it back from ciphertext with the help of keys (Li, n. d). This way, data is kept private during client-server communication this providing maximum VPN and Web security. The transformation into plaintext and the recovery from ciphertext is commonly known as encryption and decryption respectively. During the decryption process, a key is required and without the key, correct plaintext recovery is not possible. There are several types of ciphers widely known and have been classified according to their properties. Ciphers can be classified as to either symmetric or asymmetric ciphers (Li, n. d). In symmetric ciphers, the decryption key used in cryptography is the same as that used in encryption. The operation for decrypting is often symmetric to the encrypting operation in symmetric ciphers (Li, n. d). In asymmetric ciphers, the decryption operations are never symmetric to encryption operations hence the keys used might differ (Lian, 2009). A simple model for showing asymmetric and symmetric ciphers is as shown below in Fig 2. 1 (a) and (b). Fig 2. 1(a) and (b) (a) Symmetric cipher (b) Asymmetric cipher Fig 2. 1 (a) and (b): Symmetric and asymmetric ciphers (Lian, 2009) In the models shown above, symmetric cipher use same key (K0) in encryption and decryption while asymmetric cipher use different keys (K1) and (K1) for encryption and decryption respectively (Lian, 2009). Since in asymmetric cipher the key is similar in both encryption and decryption operations, the key is known both to the sender and the receiver but not to the third party and it should always be kept private. Otherwise, the third party can decrypt the ciphertext and expose the ciphertext as plaintext. This is why the asymmetric cipher is also known as the private cipher. However, symmetric ciphers such as Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Data Encryption Standard (DES) and International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) have widely been used despite some vulnerabilities of ciphertext decryption by third parties (Lian, 2009). Asymmetric ciphers offer advanced security as the encryption key (K1) can securely be made public but the decryption key (K2) is safely kept private only made known to the receiver. This means that if the sender and the third party only knows one key (the encryption key), he is not able to decrypt the ciphertext hence maintaining maximum network security. The asymmetric cipher is therefore known as the public cipher and the symmetric cipher, private cipher. Asymmetric cipher or public ciphers are regarded more suitable particularly for key exchanges in online communications and internet commercial transactions. The reasons which make public ciphers suitable for VPN securities are for instance the difficulties in large number factorization in RSA cipher. The problem of the discrete logarithm is the concept behind the suitability of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). The ElGamal encryption is also regarded to offer suitable securities because of the problem with complex computing of discrete logarithms as the encryption is always defines over a wide range of cyclic groups. Cryptanalysis and Security Attacks Cryptanalysis techniques allow hackers to break easily into cipher systems in VPN. According to Kerckhoffs principle, the hacker clearly knows the cipher per se and the security of the cipher is largely depended on the private key (Lian, 2009). Cryptanalysis techniques employed by attackers aim to get access to the cipher’s private key with the aim of knowing the information as plaintext, ciphertext or even encryption algorithm. Cryptanalysis methods can be grouped into four categories according to the information best known to the attackers (Lian, 2009). The attack based on only ciphertext means that the attack only progresses after the attacker has known ciphertext collection. This method is known as ciphertext-only attack (Lian, 2009). Known-plaintext attack is another cryptanalysis method which means that the attack method will only be successful when the hacker has obtained pairs of plain-text-ciphertext sets. Another attack method is the chosen-plaintext attack which progresses only when the hacker has ciphertexts which correspond to arbitrary plaintexts sets. The last possible method of attack is the related-key attack which works after the attacker has obtained ciphertext which are encrypted using two dissimilar keys (Lian, 2009). Encryption algorithms security is determined by the resistance to cryptanalysis techniques including attacks like differential analysis, statistical attack and relate-key attacks. Ciphers used for network VPN and Web security should be analyzed thoroughly before they can be used, otherwise, attackers will break into systems when ciphers don’t provide the required maximum network security. Simple metrics can be employed in measuring resistance to cryptographic analysis and common attacks of ciphers. These metrics include plaintext sensitivity, key sensitivity and ciphertext randomness (Lian, 2009). It can therefore be said that the cryptographic algorithm is of high security only when the encryption algorithm is heavily secured against cryptographic analysis and attacks. In case the algorithm doe not provide this essential requirement, the encryption algorithm is then considered to be of low security. Key sensitivity refers to changes in ciphertext as a result of changes in keys. Good ciphers will recognize the slightest difference in keys and cause significant changes in ciphertext. Plain text sensitivity is almost similar to plaintext sensitivity and is defines as the alteration in ciphertext as a result of plaintext changes. Good ciphers should also be able to recognize any slight difference in plaintext changes and therefore cause significant ciphertext changes. Ciphertext randomness basically differs from the plaintext. In good ciphers, the ciphertext always has good randomness which makes it hard for attackers to establish holes in statistical properties of ciphertexts (Lian, 2009). Ciphers transform original intelligible data into a form which is unintelligible by the help of keys. This method is used to secure data confidentiality. Hash always uses the original data to generate short strings used to protect data integrity. Digital signatures employ the key-based hash in the generation of hash values for the data which is to be protected. Digital signatures are often used in the detection whether operations are done by the authenticated owner or not. This is critical in online transactions such as those involving online payment methods such as AlertPay, PayPal and MoneyBookers. Key generation and authentication provide critical methods which help in the generation and distribution of multiple keys during communication. Hackers use cryptoanalytical methods to analyze and break into networked systems through cryptographic means. Cryptoanalysis provides some special or common means to analyze hash, cipher, digital signatures or key generation and authentication algorithms securities. The best cryptographic methods in VPN and Web security should be immune to cryptoanalytical methods before they can be applied in system network security. Conclusion Encryption algorithms offer secure communication against cryptanalysis used by attackers such as known-plaintext attack, ciphertext-only attack and select-plaintext attacks. Complete encryption offers security to traditional and novel ciphers against cryptanalysis by hackers. Partial encryption allows some parameters to be encrypted using ciphers which are immune to cryptographic attacks. Compression-combined encryption involves the combination of encryption and comprension operations which make it secure from the perspective of cryptanalysis. VPN encryption utilizes basic encryption mechanisms which secure the traffic flowing across shared or public network. The encryption is critical in allowing VPN traffic to traverse public or shared network like the Internet. Banking systems have always employed complex security measures such as SSL VPN and IPsec VPN to encrypt traffics by the use of encryption algorithm in shared VPN connections. References: Malik, S (2003). Network security principles and practices. Indianapolis, IN: Cisco Press. Mogollon, M (2007). Cryptography and security services: mechanisms and applications. Hershey, New York: Cybertech Publishing. Lian, S (2009). Multimedia content encryption: Techniques and applications. New York: Taylor & Francis Group. Li, X (n. d). Cryptography and network security. Retrieved July 31, 2010 from, http://www. cs. iit. edu/~cs549/lectures/CNS-1. pdf. Microsoft Corporation (2005). Data encryption between VPN server and client. Retrieved August 4, 2010 from, http://technet. microsoft. com/en- us/library/cc778013%28WS. 10%29. aspx Microsoft Corporation (2003). Virtual private networking with Windows Server 2003: Overview. Retrieved August 1, 2010 from, http://www. microsoft. com/windowsserver2003 MyCrypto. net (n. d). Encryption algorithm. Retrieved August 4, 2010 from, http://www. mycrypto. net/encryption/crypto_algorithms. html Riikonen, K (2002). RSA algorithm. Retrieved August 4, 2010 from, http://www. cs. uku. fi/kurssit/ads/rsa. pdf

Democracy

Democracy Democracy has become a dominant form of the government, that using in many countries. Democracy is a government form, which is the citizen should have a decision to vote their leader directly for their own country or elect the leader for the other problems. Democracy can develop it, if the majority and the minority party or the association willing works together. Which is everybody can talk and have an opinion, than will put the all idea together and take a better decision for the problem. With democracy form, the one elected leader will work as maximum as possible for the citizens.Than the citizens can see and make a decision about what the elected leader have done to the country and also they have elected the right or wrong leader. Democracy is based on the concept, that everybody in the world is the same, no matter what they are a president or a king. In democracy also have no different between how people look like. For example: White and black, lower class and middle cl ass. Furthermore, not everybody have an equal physically or mentally. The important thing, democracy is all human being have equality. In democracy have an important concept.The first concept is all of the citizens that living in one country, that should be equal, which have an idea and an opinion than issues to the public. The important thing, while elect the candidates for the country leader, that everybody needs to listen to the candidates because the candidates have a different ideas and plans to what they will do for the country. The candidates also need a concept of equality to speech in front all of country citizen, which will vote for the election about what their plans for the future, if they win as a country leader.Even though, the citizens divide to a different side of parties. The United State of America is using the democracy form. Four years ago, Barrack Obama won the election from John McCain as a 44th president of the United State of America, which was using a democr acy form. For the 2012 president election, which Barrack Obama and Mitt Romney were candidates for the president and won by Obama. That is one of example for the democracy form. All American citizen need to participate in the election because all of them are important.They have a better decision to vote and make a difference between both of presidential candidates for the next four years for America. The second concept, the citizens, the government and the candidates should be freedom. This democracy concept is based on equality concept because with freedom people will free to have and issues the idea and opinion to the public and the people also should be listening to each other. Than combine the ideas and opinion and take a good decision, which is can keep a good name of the country. â€Å"Democracy depends on citizen participation in all these ways.But participation must be peaceful, respectful of the law, and tolerant of the different views of other groups and individuals. â₠¬  Even though the democracy concept is freedom and equality, but without participation of citizen, the democracy form cannot work. The country needs a citizen to participate and also need respect for the law. The concept of freedom is not about the citizen become a totally free under the government. That problem can only become an anarchy, where have no government to control the country. The citizens are totally free from everything; they can do what ever they like.For Example: The country has a corruption, everywhere people are poor people and many of them become a murderer to get money, in order to survive their self. Hereafter, the freedom concept has free to choose any religion, to worship and to practice the religion. Further, also free develop their own culture; teach the culture to each other. Democracy also allows the people move from the country. Furthermore, democracy is the system that follows the rule. â€Å"The rule of law protects the rights of citizens, maintains o rder, and limits the power of government. With having a rule of law, the country can be affordable because everything is safe; they have a right of citizen. Everybody who life in a democracy forms that will be equal to each other because the citizens live under the law. With the law people cannot do what ever they like because they will get no excuse for it. For example: One of the government official grafts the money from one of the project. That is a big problem because he or she is breaking the rule of law in democracy form. The sanction at least the government official will go to the jail.For Example: Indonesia, if the government Official and a businessman have a problem with to the government or to other problem, and also corruption, will have a decision to go to the jail. Forward, all of citizens and government have equality under the law. â€Å"No one may be taxed or prosecuted except by a law established in advance. † In democracy country, no one can live without the law, because everybody in one country is all the citizen of the country. Than the citizen cannot make any changes for the law, even for the president cannot break the law because law is established and adhered to.The form of democracy is very good to use in the government. The citizen will have a freedom to chose the country leader, which is they have time to decision and also make it a different for the country, also for their self. Everybody in democracy form always have to get equality between the citizen and the government. The citizen who have an ideas or opinion and can issue their opinion to the government, which is can make any change for the country and help the people in the country.The democracy can make the government easier to control the citizen and the country because the people are obedient against the rule of law. Further, the country is safer from the criminal, from the project corruption and also can help the citizen to improve their self to become a better citize n than useful for the country. Reference: 1. â€Å"What Is Democracy? † What Is Democracy? Web. 09 Nov. 2012. . 2. Grigsby, Ellen. Analyzing Politics. 4th ed.

Concept Attainment Model Of Teaching Essay - 2008 Words

In the following pages a few models of teaching are described in greater detail. For this purpose only following models have been selected. 1. Concept Attainment Model. 2. Enquiry Training Model. 3. Advance Organizers Model. 4. Operant Conditioning Model of Teaching. 5. Glaser Basic Teaching Model. 6. Computer-Based teaching Model 1. THE CO -CEPT ATTAINMENT MODEL This is a Concept Attainment Model which is derived from the cognitive processes which are used by human beings in collecting and organizing information. The process was studied over several years by Bruner, Good now and Austin (1956). These are the processes, which the people use for forming concepts of categories or concepts, which enable them to describe things or relationships. These categories or concepts make it possible to manipulate the confusing world†. There are certain definite advantages of concepts or categories thus formed. Firstly, they reduce the complexity of the environment; secondly, they enable us to identify objects in the world; thirdly, they reduce the necessity of constant learning; fourthly, they give us direction for activity, i. e., what we should do in a given situation. The process of categorization is known as the process of concept attainment. This isthe process by which we discriminate the attributes of things, people, events andplaces and put th em into categories. There are three types of concepts: (i) conjunctive e, when the category is defined by the joint presence of severalShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Teaching Critical Thinking Skills1318 Words   |  6 Pagesvariety in the presentation of lessons. It also lends itself well to preparing for mandated testing. â€Æ' TEACHING CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS IN THE CLASSROOM 3 Teaching Critical-Thinking Skills in the Classroom When a person speaks of being â€Å"critical† today, it is often thought of as a negative thing. 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King was challenged by her Philosophy professor with the question, â€Å"How do you define the nursing act?† She pursued to answer the question and was led to reading courses that brought her to the Literature Systems Analysis and General Systems TheoryRead MoreThe Role Of Gender Challenging Role Models1710 Words   |  7 PagesThe use of gender challenging role models in the classroom is a method I am going to use during my final professional practice and during my year as a Newly Qualified Teacher (NQT). I am going to use these demonstrate to both girls and boys that the media depiction of success is not accurate and that success can be measured in various ways. Role models such as Marie Curie, Dian Fossey and Mary Anning are good historical figures to use but children could see these as dull despite their achievementsRead MoreFactor 3 : Teacher Communication994 Words   |  4 Pageswithin my teaching I have high aspirations for the learners and encourage them to succeed. This is shown within my teaching and planning as I display enthusiasm towards challenging tasks. This inspires students and accelerates students learning. It has been proven that teacher led sessions lowers learners achievements and it is best to deploy an appropriate range of communicative strategies to engage all students. (Ofsted, 2013) Through my development as a teacher I have used 3 main models of communication;Read MoreTeaching And Planning For Motivation And Learner Satisfaction988 Words   |  4 PagesWithin my teaching I have high aspirations for the learners and encourage them to succeed. This is shown within my teaching and planning as I display enthusiasm towards challenging tasks. This aspires students to stimulate and accelerate students learning. It has been proven that teacher led sessions demotes leaners achievements and it is best to deploy appropriate range of communicative strategies to engage students. (Ofsted, 2013) Within my development as a teacher I have used 3 main models of communication;Read MoreNational Curriculum1563 Words   |  7 Pagesschools to ensure that teaching and learning is balanced and consistent.† The National Curriculum is thought by many to be complex and unclear. However, it is at the heart of the education system in England. This is noted by Baumann et al (1997) and Kyriacou (2009) who document that the basis for the National Curriculum was established in the Education Reform Act 1988; creating the idea that education must begin with the needs and interests of the child. The following model acknowledges how the NationalRead MoreNational Curriculum1550 Words   |  7 Pagesschools to ensure that teaching and learning is balanced and consistent.† The National Curriculum is thought by many to be complex and unclear. However, it is at the heart of the education system in England. This is noted by Baumann et al (1997) and Kyriacou (2009) who document that the basis for the National Curriculum was established in the Education Reform Act 1988; creating the idea that education must begin with the needs and interests of the child. The following model acknowledges how the

Renaissance The Last Supper And The Mona Lisa ...

The definition of Renaissance is rebirth. The Renaissance originated in Italy during the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries. This era brought back Roman and Green influence (Guisepi). Renaissance art benefited from having the support of wealthy families such as the Medici family and many more (â€Å"Renaissance†). Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael were some of the most famous artists during the Renaissance among others (â€Å"Famous People†). Even today, the artwork of these men are still very well-known such as â€Å"The Last Supper† and the â€Å"Mona Lisa† painted by Leonardo da Vinci. Two of the main themes of the Renaissance was worldly experience and individual expression (â€Å"Renaissance†). Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 5, 1452 and died at age sixty-seven in 1519. He was born in a farmhouse in Italy. Da Vinci started an art apprenticeship in Florence, Italy with an artist named Andrea del Verrocchio. He learned more than just sculpting, painting, and drawing; he was also taught carpentry, metalworking, and how to work with leather. He was a man of many talents. Da Vinci’s two most famous Renaissance paintings were â€Å"The Last Supper† and the â€Å"Mona Lisa†. Da Vinci once wrote, â€Å"A good painter has two chief objects to paint- man and the intention of his soul.† Not only did he paint and sculpt, he also was an inventor, an architect, draftsman and military engineer (â€Å"Leonardo da Vinci†). â€Å"The Last Supper† is a very famous painting done by Leonardo da Vinci during theShow MoreRelatedLeonardo Da Vinci s The Last Supper And Mona Lisa1030 Words   |  5 Pagescom, the article about the writer, mathematician, inventor, and artist Leonardo da Vinci states that, â€Å"Leonardo da Vinci was a leading artist ad intellectual of the Italian Renaissance who’s known for his enduring works â€Å"The Last Supper† and â€Å"Mona Lisa† †. Leonardo da Vinci was born in Vinci, Italy on April 15, 1452. He was born out of wedlock being raised by his father Ser Piero along with his stepmothers. Leonardo da Vinci was into the laws of science and nature, which played a major role withRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci And The Renaissance Era1572 Words   |  7 Pagesmasterpieces are created to represent the time of its creation. During the Renaissance Era, the humanist and classical values of art flourished. One of the great masters of the Renaissance know n as Leonardo Da Vinci, dominated the period of the High Renaissance. The values of the Renaissance exist in the works of Leonardo Da Vinci portrayed through his paintings of Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and Salvator Mundi. 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This man was a writer, a mathematician, an inventor, and a world renowned artist. This man was Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo da Vinci, by definition, is the quintessential Renaissance man. Leonardo da Vinci was â€Å"born on April 15, 1452, in Vinci, Italy† (â€Å"Leonardo†) â€Å"Leonardo wasRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci : The Mona Lisa And The Last Supper1376 Words   |  6 PagesLeonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Da Vinci happened to be a painter, architect, inventor, and student of pretty much all things scientific. He happened to cross so many disciplines he epitomized the name of  ¨Renaissance man. ¨ If you ask people about him, most people will recognize him for his art, especially two paintings that are remaining as the worlds most admired and most famous, The Mona Lisa and the Last Supper. A fun fact about Leonardo Da Vinci is that he was self-taught. He also had dozens ofRead MoreLeonardo Da Vincis Secrets Essay525 Words   |  3 PagesIn Leonardo da Vincis paintings there are clues that reveal hidden messages. At first glance, his paintings may seem just like normal paintings, but at second glance they are not that simple. For example, Mona Lisa has captivated humanity for centuries because of her smile and her mysterious identity and the small details in The Last Supper have posed questions about what they mean. Leonardo da Vinci attracts me because through his art he may reveal to us some hidden truths about the past andRead MoreThe Great Artists And Inventors During The 15th And 16th Century1263 Words   |  6 Pagesmany great artists and inventors during the 15th and 16th century, but none of them are not as great or as known as Leonardo Da Vinci. Leonardo Da Vinci’s intelligence allowed him to create and invent things that none of the other inventors could make or even think of. Da Vinci painted some of the most magnificent and priceless paintings such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Da Vinci was also an inventor; he would write down all of his ideas and test some of the out. Some of these inventions playRead MoreRenaissance Art By Leonardo Da Vinci888 Words   |  4 PagesWhen we talk Renaissance art, we’re talking about a period of art that has a plentiful amount of innovation and creation within the time period. Its artists are innovative, highly devoted to the work of art their working on, and above all else committed to the recreation of a different style of art following the Middle Ages. Having to decide on a piece of art from the Renaissance period to write about is tougher than one would think. There are so many great artist and so many great pieces of artRead MoreEssay on The Renaissance: Visual Analysis1515 Words   |  7 PagesHigh Renaissance Visual Analysis Introduction Generally believed to have begun in Florence, the Renaissance – also known as the ‘Rebirth’ – was a period of reviving interest in classical art and the beginning of scientific revolution. The Renaissance period did not begin abruptly; instead, it was an idea that took shape since the time of the painter Giotto (Gombrich 2007). In the early Renaissance period, Giotto experimented with and laid the foundation for painting with perspective, a methodRead MoreThe Renaissance Painting : Leonardo Da Vinci And Leonardo Da Vinci971 Words   |  4 PagesStrickland stated in her book â€Å"The Annotated Mona Lisa† (32). During the Renaissance period, artists discovered new techniques, that gave paintings and sculptures more character. 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“Development of a Multinational Personnel Selection...

â€Å"Development of a Multinational Personnel Selection System† Discussion Questions 1. Based on your reading of the textbook chapter what strengths and what shortcomings do you see in the newly developed multinational personnel selection system? The newly developed multinational personnel selection system seems to be okay at first glance. It is great that the system is two-tiered, with the first tier consisting of three modules: viewing the applicants’ resume, an unstructured phone interview with the applicants, and three references from former employees. These three modules from the first tier are mostly related to background research of the applicant. Through the application documentations of the candidates, it is possible to screen†¦show more content†¦To start with, the reference procedure may cause some unexpected problems. The staff members assumed that getting references from former employers and colleges would let them screen out cheaters and imposters. This may be true in western culture, however, considering Asian culture this may not be the case. As generally accepted, Asians tend to try to be in harmony with others and care a lot about what others will think about them. If this is true, there is p ossibility that the former employees will leave out negative remarks in the recommendation due to these reasons, especially if the applicants are able to see the references. Next, although the biography-oriented in-depth interview will provide much important data about the applicant, the interview should be oriented towards job requirements. If it is too general, the information will become more of a general explanation or impression of the applicant and may not be able to provide valid data. This way it will also be possible to reduce the chance of faking. Third of all, the simulated group interview seems to be insufficient. It is stated in the article that the candidate will have a group discussion with three other role-players. Although this may let the observers evaluate certain aspects, I believe that having role-players may diminish the applicant’s potential. Let’s say that the interviewee is good at brainstorming or developing new ideas. He/she may not be able to fully show

Propaganda Essay Example For Students

Propaganda Essay The effects of film on WWII propaganda Without the advent of the medium of film to wage a war of propagandaboth the Axis and the Allies of World War II would have found it difficult togather as much support for their causes as they did. Guns, tanks, and bombswere the principal weapons of World War II, but there were other, moresubtle, forms of warfare as well. Words, posters, and films waged a constantbattle for the hearts and minds of the masses of the world just as surely asmilitary weapons engaged the enemy. Persuading the public became awartime industry, almost as important as the manufacturing of bullets andplanes. Both sides launched an aggressive propaganda campaign to galvanizepublic support, and some of these nations foremost intellectuals, artists, andfilmmakers became warriors on that front. Propaganda in the broadest sense is the technique of influencing humanaction by the manipulation of representations. These representations maytake the spoken, written, pictorial, or musical form. Since the cinema uses allfour of these types of representations, a filmmaker would seem to wield a lotof power as a propagandist. If he so chooses to use his power to its fullestpotential. The essential distinction lies in the intentions of the propagandist topersuade an audience to adopt the attitude or action he or she espouses. Thisis ever so prevalent as Hitler gained support from his nation to exterminatethe Jewish people from Germany and Europe alike. He adopted such supportby using his Nazi propaganda films as a weapon of mass distraction andmanipulation of the people of Germany. If he had not idealized the Germansoldier as a hero, and bestowed nationalism in his people, and blamed theeconomic problems of German on the Jewish race then he never would havebeen able to accomplish what h e had in such a short amount of time. Themost famous Nazi propaganda film is Der ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew). Der Ewige Jude was engineered by Hitlers Minister of Propaganda. It was created to legitimize the exclusion, and the ultimately the destruction,of an entire people. It depicts the Jews of Poland as corrupt, filthy, lazy,ugly, and perverse: they are an alien people which have taken over the worldthrough their control of banking and commerce, yet which still live likeanimals. The narrator tries to depict the Jews behavior as rat like, whileshowing footage of rats squirming from sewers and leaping at the camera. Using the montage editing technique so as the juxtaposition of the shotswould imply to the viewer to connect the rats with the Jewish people. A verysimple and effective technique that is still used today. The films mostshocking scene is the slaughter of a cow, shown in bloody detail, by agrinning Rabbi- and it is followed by, of all things, three innocent(presumably German) lambs nuzzling each other. Which is yet anotherexample of the editing techniques that Pudoukin discussed. Hitler also provides the emotional climax of the film, with footage ofhis speech to the Reichstag from 1939. When preceded by sixty minutesdescribing the Jewish problem, and followed by thunderous applause, Hitlersprophetic warning takes on even greater significance: If the internationalfinance-Jewry inside and outside Europe should succeed in plunging thenations into a world war yet again, then the outcome will not be the victory ofJewry, but rather the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe!(AdolphHitler). The importance of this groundbreaking propaganda is oftenunderestimated. Someone might characterize the film as a X-ray of thedecision making process that led to the Holocaust. It can also be argued thatthe film is seen as the official promulgation of Hitlers decision, and that it together with the feature film Jud Sub- deliberately was used to prepare bothperpetrators and bystanders for the extermination of the Jews. The producer Joseph Goebbels knew all to well how to create a filmthat would not only grasp the publics attention but also a film that wouldtransform them into a flock of sheep, upon which he could lead them intowhat ever belief he wanted. The masses of German people would standbehind Hitler no matter what happened. Why wouldnt they? Germanpropaganda films depicted Adolph Hitler as a kind, family man. Everyonehas seen the pictures of Hitler walking around with little Aryan children. Across the lawn of a house, or through a field, while the German shepherdwalks around and protects the child. Such a very noble and chivalricideology. When actually the fact was he was starving, slaughtering, and without mercy murdering 6 million Jewish men, women, and children. None ofthe films that the Ministry of Propaganda ever made depicted any of that. Why? If they had, no one would have joined a cause for something like that,and they knew that if they were to commence with the plains of the Genocid ethey would have to have the people and its army behind them 100%. Through their propaganda they did, and what a achievement just that is. Tochange the beliefs of a nation. Looking For Alibrandi Analysis EssayConclusionIf one compares the directness and intensity of the effect that thevarious means of propaganda have on the great masses, film is withoutquestion the most powerful. The written and spoken word depend entirely onthe content or on the emotional appeal of the speaker, but film uses pictures,pictures that for eighty years have been accompanied by sound. We knowthat the impact of a message is greater if it is less abstract, more visual. Thatmakes it clear why film, with its series of continually moving images, musthave a particular persuasive force. Film is a very effective tool in waging awar. With out it, it would be hard to get the people to stand behind you andsupport your cause. Without the people it is hard to win a war. Thus I feelthat with out films contribution to the propaganda effort the WWII wouldhave been very, very different. BibliographyDer exige Jude: Quellenkritische Analyse eines antisemititschenPropagandaf ilms, Institute Fur Wissenschaftlichen Film, Gottingen,1995,p.134Ellul, Jacques, Propaganda: The Formation of Mens Attitudes. New York:Alfred A. Knoph, 1965. Hippler, Fritz, Der Film als Waffe, Unser Wille und Weg, 7(1937),pp.21-23. Propaganda, Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000.Words/ Pages : 2,454 / 24

Is Medea Justified in Her Actions free essay sample

Is Medea Justified In Her Actions? Is the killing of anyone ever Justified? Is the life of one individual more important than another? In Euripides, Medea, Medea kills the princess of Corinth, the king of Corinth, Creon, as well as her own children. Are her actions the actions of an insane, distraught person or those of wise, foreign, barbaric woman trying to protect her children? Through the story of Medea, Medea Justifies the killing of others while several other characters portray the injustice of her killings. Can a person show a ustifiable reason to the killing of others or is the killing of others Justified under certain circumstances? In the work prologue, we discover Jasons quest to Colchis to obtain the Golden Fleece as a task created by his uncle, Pelias in order to claim his rightful inheritance. He assembles a team and they set sail for Colchis on the ship, the Argo. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Medea Justified in Her Actions? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Upon reaching Colchis, King Aeetes instructs Jason to plow a field with a team of fire- breathing bulls. (Euripides 527). During his task, he meets King Aeetes daughter, Medea. Medea, proficient in magic, helps Jason. She helps him plough the field, lull the dragon to sleep, steal the fleece, and escape back to Greece, killing her own brother to distract the attention of their enraged Colchian pursuers. Jason and Medea go to lolcus only to realize Pelias goes back on his word. Angered by this, Medea talks Peliass daughters into boiling him alive by telling them the act will make him immortal. The treacherous act forced Jason and Medea into exile. Jason and Medea marry, have children and move to Corinth. While in Corinth, Jason divorces Medea to marry the princess of Corinth. Because of the divorce, Medeas spirit is destroyed and she is driven to an unstable state of mind. As the story begins, the Nurse is wanting to reverse history, l wish the Argo never had set sail My mistress then, Medea, never would have sailed away the sight of Jason never would had stunned her spirit with desire. She would had never had persuaded Pelias daughters to kill their father never had to come this land Corinth. (Euripides 529). The Nurse continues to mourn the situation, Justifying Medeas feelings Poor Medea, mournful and dishonored sobbing to herself for her ear father, her land, her home, and all that she betrayed for Jason, who now holds her in dishonor. (Euripides 529) but also mentions the instability of Medea, Shes a terror. Theres no way to be her enemy and come out as the victor. (Euripides 529). Medea enters the story, quite evident that she is emotionally unstable. She curses her life, the lives of her children as well as Jasons life as she mentions, O children, accursed, may you die with your father! Your mother is hateful. Go to hell the whole household! Every last one. (Euripides 531). The Nurse notates her anger, But er glance is as fierce as a bulls, let me tell you shes wild like a lion whos Just given birth whenever a servant tries telling her anything. (Euripides 533). Medea pleads to the women of Corinth to keep quiet if she finds a way to repay her husband tor his betrayal. She acknowledges now women teel interior to men but when betrayed, a woman who is betrayed With an injustice in the bedroom, there is no other mind more murderous. (Euripides 535). After she speaks with the women of Corinth, she encounters the king of Corinth, King Creon. King Creon tells Medea how he feels, Im afraid of you. You could hurt my daughter, even kill her Im terrified of whats in your mind. I trust you less than ever (Euripides 535-36). While King Creon feels he is doing the right thing by exiling Medea and her children, it is evident that exiling Medea made her even more emotionally unstable, hes granted me a single day to turn three enemies to three dead bodies: the father, and the bride, and my own husband. (Euripides 538). The story continues with the strophe reiterating how Medea moved away from her home and how she was driven insane exiled to a foreign home only to have her husband ishonor and betray her. Medea encounters Jason. Jason explains to her that her own evil actions have caused her to be exiled for she spoke against the royal family. (Euripides 540). Rationally he explains to her that, However much you hate me, I could never wish you any harm. (Euripides 540). For a man who is having his life threatened, he is calm and trying to explain to Medea that she needs to stop her foolish, crazy actions. Responding emotionally unstable, Medea yells at Jason, miou are the worst! Youre loathsome! She continues screaming trying to illustrate the pain that he has caused er. Jason responds telling her he took her away from her old home, a barbaric kingdom and brought her to a civilized place where she now has fame. He even mentions that he didnt leave her to betray her but he left her to support her and their kids; to give them a life they could enjoy, My motive was the best; so wed live well and not be poor. He goes on to tell her that all women are the same; as long as they are satisfied at home, life is well but let there be some setback or disaster in the bedroom and suddenly you go against the things you should value the most. Jason nd Medea continue to exchange conflicting words without settling anything. Later in the story, Medea summons Jason to offer him a peace offering. She begs for his forgiveness for her previous outbursts and begs Jason to persuade his bride to let him have the children with them so they wont have to deal with the exile. After a little persuasion, Jason accepts her apology and lets their children present his new wife with gifts. Unknown to the children, the gifts contained poison. The poisonous crown and robe killed the princess. The king threw himself on top of the princess which lead to his death. The news of their death got back to Medea where she mentally tries to Justify her next action, l must kill my children and leave this land before I give my enemies a chance to slaughter them. (Euripides 559). Medea slaughters her children. Before she leaves she encounters Jason. Jason, having learned of the fate of his children, curses Medea, miou hateful thing. (Euripides 559). Medea responds telling him that because he betrayed her, she couldnt let him go on to lead a pleasant life. (Euripides 563). Medea wants to make Jason feel lonely, lonely as she felt when he betrayed her. Jason continues to try to understand why Medea killed all the people. Medea explains the killings as a way to make Jason feel pain. She even makes sure he knows that everything that happened was to hurt him, to do to him what he did to her, I Jabbed your heart. Throughout the story, Medea tries to Justity ner actions based on teeling betrayed by her husband. Several characters Justify that her actions are wrong. Even though kings arent supposed to show fear, King Creon tells Medea he is afraid of her. Jason overly tells Medea that he wasnt trying to betray her but to help her; help her by aving fortune so he could take care of her and their kids. Medea continuously through the story tries to portray that she will kill people because of Jasons betrayal. In the end, she kills her children because she believes they will die because of her actions. They will die anyway, and since they must, I will kill them. King Creon, Jason makes valid points of Medea being emotionally unstable. In the end, Medea does not prove that it is okay to ever kill anyone. Works Cited Euripides. Medea. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. Volume l. W W Norton, 2012. 525-564. print.